Structured output

Structured output forces the agent to produce validated JSON conforming to a schema you provide. The extraction runs as a separate turn after agentic work completes, with automatic retry on validation failure. Schemas are normalized across providers — the same schema works with Anthropic, OpenAI, and Gemini, with provider-specific lowering handled transparently.

This page is the task-first guide. For the low-level schema/type inventory, see Structured output reference.

What this guide is for

Use this guide when you want to:

extract validated JSON from an agent run
choose schema compatibility behavior
understand retry and warning behavior

How it works

When output_schema is configured on an agent, the execution flow is:

Agentic loop runs normally

The agent processes the prompt, calls tools, and iterates until no more tool calls remain.

Extraction turn fires

An additional LLM call is made with no tools, temperature 0.0 for deterministic output, and a prompt asking for valid JSON matching the schema.

Validation

The response is parsed as JSON and validated against the schema using the jsonschema crate’s Validator.

On success

RunResult.structured_output contains the parsed serde_json::Value.

On failure

Retries validation failures up to structured_output_retries times with error feedback, then returns the completed main run with RunResult.extraction_error.

Schema types

`OutputSchema`

The primary schema type:

pub struct OutputSchema {
    pub schema: MeerkatSchema,
    pub name: Option<String>,
    pub strict: bool,
    pub compat: SchemaCompat,
    pub format: SchemaFormat,
}

Field	Type	Default	Description
`schema`	`MeerkatSchema`	(required)	The JSON schema definition
`name`	`Option<String>`	`None`	Optional schema name (used by some providers)
`strict`	`bool`	`false`	Whether to request stricter provider-side lowering / constrained decoding behavior where supported
`compat`	`SchemaCompat`	`Lossy`	Compatibility mode for provider lowering
`format`	`SchemaFormat`	`MeerkatV1`	Schema format version

Construction methods

// From a raw JSON value
let schema = OutputSchema::new(json!({
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
        "summary": { "type": "string" },
        "score": { "type": "number" }
    },
    "required": ["summary", "score"]
}))?;

// From a JSON string (raw schema or wrapper format)
let schema = OutputSchema::from_json_str(r#"{"type": "object", ...}"#)?;

// From a JSON value (raw schema or wrapper format)
let schema = OutputSchema::from_json_value(value)?;

// From a Rust type via schemars
let schema = OutputSchema::from_type::<MyStruct>()?;

Builder methods

let schema = OutputSchema::new(json!({...}))?
    .with_name("analysis-result")
    .strict()
    .with_compat(SchemaCompat::Strict)
    .with_format(SchemaFormat::MeerkatV1);

Wrapper format

OutputSchema supports a wrapper format for explicit configuration. If the JSON object contains a schema key and either a format: "meerkat_v1" marker or only wrapper keys (schema, name, strict, compat, format), it is parsed as a wrapper:

{
  "schema": {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "result": { "type": "string" }
    }
  },
  "name": "my-schema",
  "strict": true,
  "compat": "strict",
  "format": "meerkat_v1"
}

Otherwise, the entire JSON value is treated as a raw schema.

`MeerkatSchema`

Newtype around serde_json::Value with normalization:

pub struct MeerkatSchema(Value);

Constructed via MeerkatSchema::new(Value) which applies normalize_schema().
Normalization: ensures all object-typed nodes have properties and required keys (inserting empty defaults if missing). This prevents provider-specific compilation issues.
Returns SchemaError::InvalidRoot if the root is not a JSON object.

`SchemaFormat`

Schema format versions:

Variant	Description
`MeerkatV1`	Current format version (default)

`SchemaCompat`

Compatibility mode for provider-specific schema lowering:

Variant	Description
`Lossy`	Best-effort lowering; unsupported features are dropped with warnings (default)
`Strict`	Reject schemas with unsupported features for the target provider

`SchemaWarning`

Warnings emitted during schema compilation:

pub struct SchemaWarning {
    pub provider: Provider,
    pub path: String,
    pub message: String,
}

`CompiledSchema`

Provider-compiled schema output:

pub struct CompiledSchema {
    pub schema: Value,
    pub warnings: Vec<SchemaWarning>,
}

`SchemaError`

Schema errors:

Variant	Description
`InvalidRoot`	Schema must be a JSON object at the root
`UnsupportedFeatures { provider, warnings }`	Schema uses features not supported by the target provider (only in `Strict` compat mode)

Extraction turn details

The extraction turn logic:

Attempt flow

Max attempts = structured_output_retries + 1 (default: 2 + 1 = 3 attempts).
First attempt prompt: "Provide the final output as valid JSON matching the required schema. Output ONLY the JSON, no additional text or markdown formatting." (overridable via the extraction_prompt config field)
Retry prompt (on validation failure): "The previous output was invalid: {error}. Please provide valid JSON matching the schema. Output ONLY the JSON, no additional text."
LLM is called with no tools and temperature 0.0.
Response text is trimmed, then markdown code fences are stripped (handles ```json and ``` wrappers).
Parsed as JSON via serde_json::from_str.
Validated against the compiled schema via jsonschema::Validator.

If Meerkat is built without the jsonschema feature, configuring an output_schema fails closed: extraction surfaces a typed InvalidOutputSchema error rather than returning unvalidated JSON as if it had passed.

On success

Returns RunResult with:

text: the committed main-turn assistant output
structured_output: Some(parsed_value) — the validated JSON
schema_warnings: any warnings from schema compilation
turns: includes extraction attempts in the count

On failure

Returns Ok(RunResult) for the completed main run with structured_output: None and extraction_error: Some(error):

pub struct ExtractionError {
    last_output: String,  // Main-turn output extraction attempted to transform
    attempts: u32,        // Extraction attempts made before failure
    reason: String,       // Extraction failure reason
}

Extraction failure can come from validation exhaustion, provider errors, hook or budget denial, schema compilation failure, or tool-call-shaped output during the post-main-turn extraction phase.

Provider schema compilation

The AgentLlmClient trait includes a compile_schema() method:

fn compile_schema(&self, output_schema: &OutputSchema) -> Result<CompiledSchema, SchemaError>;

The default implementation passes through the normalized schema without provider-specific lowering. Provider adapters override this to apply transformations:

Anthropic: may add additionalProperties: false to object nodes
Gemini: may strip unsupported JSON Schema keywords
OpenAI: may apply strict-mode transformations

Schema warnings are collected during compilation and included in RunResult.schema_warnings.

Configuration

Agent config fields

Field	Type	Default	Description
`output_schema`	`Option<OutputSchema>`	`None`	JSON schema for extraction
`structured_output_retries`	`u32`	`2`	Max validation retries

Usage

CLI
JSON-RPC
REST API
MCP Server

# Inline JSON schema
rkat run "Analyze this code" --schema '{"type":"object","properties":{"bugs":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}}},"required":["bugs"]}'

# Schema from file
rkat run "Analyze this code" --schema schema.json

The --schema flag accepts either a file path or inline JSON. The CLI detects files by checking if the value is an existing path.

Via session/create and turn/start:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "method": "session/create",
  "params": {
    "prompt": "Analyze this code",
    "output_schema": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "bugs": { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "string" } }
      },
      "required": ["bugs"]
    },
    "structured_output_retries": 3
  }
}

curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/sessions \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "prompt": "Analyze this code",
    "output_schema": {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "bugs": { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "string" } }
      },
      "required": ["bugs"]
    }
  }'

The MCP server tool meerkat_run accepts output_schema as part of its input parameters.

Wire parameters

Structured output is passed directly on the normal per-request session surfaces:

pub struct CreateSessionRequest {
    pub prompt: ContentInput,
    // ...
    pub build: Option<SessionBuildOptions>,
}

pub struct SessionBuildOptions {
    pub output_schema: Option<OutputSchema>,
    pub structured_output_retries: Option<u32>,  // None inherits the config default (2)
    // ...
}

`RunResult` fields

When structured output extraction succeeds, the RunResult contains:

pub struct RunResult {
    pub text: String,                              // Main-turn assistant output
    pub session_id: SessionId,
    pub usage: Usage,
    pub turns: u32,                                // Includes extraction attempts
    pub tool_calls: u32,
    pub terminal_cause_kind: Option<TurnTerminalCauseKind>, // Typed terminal cause (e.g. budget)
    pub structured_output: Option<Value>,           // Validated JSON value
    pub extraction_error: Option<ExtractionError>,   // Extraction failure details
    pub schema_warnings: Option<Vec<SchemaWarning>>, // Compilation warnings
}

The structured_output field is Some(value) when extraction succeeds and None when no schema was configured or extraction failed. The text field remains the committed main-turn assistant output.

SDK usage

Basic structured output

use meerkat_core::OutputSchema;
use serde_json::json;

let schema = OutputSchema::new(json!({
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
        "summary": { "type": "string" },
        "confidence": { "type": "number", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 1 }
    },
    "required": ["summary", "confidence"]
}))?;

// Configure via AgentBuildConfig
let mut build_config = AgentBuildConfig::new("claude-sonnet-4-6");
build_config.output_schema = Some(schema);
build_config.structured_output_retries = Some(3);  // None inherits the default (2)

Using `from_type` with schemars

use meerkat_core::OutputSchema;
use schemars::JsonSchema;
use serde::Deserialize;

#[derive(JsonSchema, Deserialize)]
struct AnalysisResult {
    summary: String,
    confidence: f64,
    issues: Vec<String>,
}

let schema = OutputSchema::from_type::<AnalysisResult>()?;

Handling the result

let result: RunResult = agent.run("Analyze this code").await?;

if let Some(structured) = &result.structured_output {
    let analysis: AnalysisResult = serde_json::from_value(structured.clone())?;
    println!("Confidence: {}", analysis.confidence);
}

if let Some(warnings) = &result.schema_warnings {
    for w in warnings {
        eprintln!("Schema warning for {:?} at {}: {}", w.provider, w.path, w.message);
    }
}

Getting started

Concepts

Guides: Models And Hosting

Guides: Runtime Behavior

Guides: Orchestration

Examples: Foundations

Examples: Capabilities

Examples: Orchestration And Deployment

Structured output

What this guide is for

How it works

Schema types

`OutputSchema`

Construction methods

Builder methods

`MeerkatSchema`

`SchemaFormat`

`SchemaCompat`

`SchemaWarning`

`CompiledSchema`

`SchemaError`

Extraction turn details

Attempt flow

On success

On failure

Provider schema compilation

Configuration

Agent config fields

Usage

Wire parameters

`RunResult` fields

SDK usage

Basic structured output

Using `from_type` with schemars

Handling the result

See also

​What this guide is for

​How it works

​Schema types

​OutputSchema

​Construction methods

​Builder methods

​MeerkatSchema

​SchemaFormat

​SchemaCompat

​SchemaWarning

​CompiledSchema

​SchemaError

​Extraction turn details

​Attempt flow

​On success

​On failure

​Provider schema compilation

​Configuration

​Agent config fields

​Usage

​Wire parameters

​RunResult fields

​SDK usage

​Basic structured output

​Using from_type with schemars

​Handling the result

​See also

What this guide is for

How it works

Schema types

`OutputSchema`

Construction methods

Builder methods

`MeerkatSchema`

`SchemaFormat`

`SchemaCompat`

`SchemaWarning`

`CompiledSchema`

`SchemaError`

Extraction turn details

Attempt flow

On success

On failure

Provider schema compilation

Configuration

Agent config fields

Usage

Wire parameters

`RunResult` fields

SDK usage

Basic structured output

Using `from_type` with schemars

Handling the result

See also